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"The Noodle Maker of Kalimpong" by Gyalo Thondup and Anne F. Thurston


作为四川人,我从小就知道西藏和藏族。每次天气预报,报完了熟悉的大城市之后,就会听见三个“自治州”的名字:甘孜,阿坝和凉州。其中,甘孜和阿坝就是“藏族自治州”,也就是藏民的聚居地。偶尔会听到跟藏民打交道的故事,甚至在成都的闹市里见到一两个藏民,但也仅此而已。

大学毕业的时候,在一个同窗好友的怂恿下,跟另一个来自青海的同学,一行三人,去了一趟西藏。我现在才意识到四川的藏区属于藏人所说的“康区”(Kham),青海大部分地区属于藏人所说的“安多”(Amdo)。那个发起的同学是北京人,但非常迷恋西藏。所以我们这三个人还都跟西藏有缘。

虽然我们去的地方不多,西藏还是给我们三个年轻人巨大的文化冲击(culture shock)。我们从来没见过这么独特的风土和人情。回来的时候,我们简直成了英雄。因为那个时候,去西藏旅行还是一件非常不容易的事。

来北美这么多年,偶尔又会在DC或者Ottawa见到“雪山狮子”旗,看见藏族年轻人为西藏独立争取路人的同情。

又一年一个同学约我去Rutgers听达赖喇嘛演讲,我觉得机会难得,欣然同往。当时整个橄榄球场座无虚席,俨然有佛经里“如是我闻,一时,佛在舍卫国祗树给孤独园,与大比丘众千二百五十人俱”的气势。

至于演讲的内容,对于已涉猎经藏的我来说,没有太多的新意。不过毕竟中规中矩,不负达赖喇嘛藏传佛教教主的地位。与如今国内以传播佛教为名,实则贩卖与佛教不着边际的心灵鸡汤的“高僧”“大师”“活佛”相比,盖不可同日而语。

后来逛书店的时候,看见越来越多达赖喇嘛出的书。多为佛教基本,稍加应用于现代社会。对老外可能有醍醐灌顶之效,对我却是老生重弹。我感兴趣的是西藏历史,而不是藏传佛教。

于是听说了这本新鲜出炉的"The Noodle Maker of Kalimpong: The Untold Story of My Struggle for Tibet"。

这是达赖喇嘛的亲哥哥、顾问,曾历任西藏流亡政府外相、首相的嘉乐顿铢的回忆录。由于他与达赖的特殊关系,即使他没有官职,也常常充当达赖的私人联络人。再加上他能说流利的汉语和英语,因此参与了很多与各个利益集团,特别是中国政府的幕后谈判。一个七旬老人,回顾他自己亲历的西藏历史,说出以前不愿、不敢或不能说的真相,别有一番沧桑。

读完以后我最大的感受是西藏就像一张牌,一会儿被中国、印度(以及独立前的英国)、美国、台湾、俄国(以及冷战时期的苏联)等争来抢去,只为牵制对手,为自己的谈判增加筹码;一旦谈判成功,就立刻被扔在一边,避之唯恐不及。也许这本来就是政治和外交的真相,司空见惯。但还是禁不住让人对西藏人民的遭遇感到同情。

嘉乐顿铢是他那一代人中受现代教育最多的藏人之一,因而能够清楚的意识到西藏的遭遇,有一半的原因是藏人自己落后现代社会太多,以至于连游戏的规则都还不懂,所以处处碰壁,动辄得咎。他也能把西藏问题放在历史的角度去看,承认中国对西藏的觑觎和蚕食,从清朝就已经开始了,并非中共的独创;即使当年国民党内战胜利,对西藏的态度也未必能有太大的区别。他痛心疾首地回忆了当年西藏流亡政府三番五次地错过了与中国谈判的良机。他称当年与美国中情局合作是他一生中最大的遗憾。

这是一个早醒者的痛苦。他感到西藏需要改革、需要现代化,但还没有来得及讨论该怎么做,就已经去国离家,无家可归。于是目标完全变成了怎样才能回家。在毫无资源的情况下,通过达赖喇嘛的宗教领袖地位和独特的人格魅力,争取到如此多的同情和援助,抢到道德高地(moral high ground),西藏流亡政府的成就可谓不菲。对此,嘉乐顿铢恐怕功不可没。

然而,仅就他隐约提到的事情就不难推测,达赖喇嘛身边人的党派之争,跟中世纪天主教教皇的宗座廷(papal court)里的政治斗争如出一格。作为一个旁观者,我认为只有政教分离才能从根本上解决这个问题,让西藏走向现代化。

首先,政教一体本来就是五世达赖的发明。当时或许是最佳的选择,但时过境迁,现在未必适合了。其次,纵观西藏历史,每一次达赖转世的过渡期,都会出现权力真空,引发血淋淋的政治斗争。如果政教分离,这个问题就迎刃而解。再次,综观世界历史,政教分离是现代国家立国之本。没有政教分离,何谈现代化?当然,政体的选择应该让西藏人自己去决定。如果西藏流亡政府能够意识到这一点,主动改革,岂非功德无量?

这本书的合作者Anne F. Thurston在前言中就明确申明这是嘉乐顿铢眼中的事实,偏信则暗。在后记中又直接指出回忆录中与其他人的回忆录相抵触的地方,让读者自己去判断孰是孰非。

比如尽管事实确凿,嘉乐顿铢对阿沛阿旺晋美评价甚高,对十世班禅喇嘛评价甚低,让人大跌眼镜,莫名其妙。比如他极力否认达赖本人对于他跟中情局合作知情同意,让人觉得更像是丢车保帅,自揽全责之举。比如他一边说跟中情局合作是他最大的失误,美国人利用了西藏,一边又说希望美国能在和中国和俄国的博弈中最终胜出,才是西藏人之福。前言不搭后语之处,不一而足。

可能这个世界就是如此复杂,如此矛盾。

2015/08/13

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