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两个庄园的故事

每次去纽约市玩,我都尽量顺路寻访一个纽约上州的景点。

比如洛克菲勒庄园(Kykuit the Rockefeller Estate),就是位于哈德逊河边上众多美国第一代大资本家的庄园之一。虽然是七八年前去的,我还能记得当时导游告诉我们的几件老洛克菲勒教子有方的逸事。作为白手起家的第一代,老洛克菲勒的庄园尤其简朴。他没有太多爱好,就喜欢驾马车兜风。于是庄园里就有马棚。他要求自己的儿子(小约翰)和孙子们(包括曾任纽约州州长和美国副总统的纳尔逊洛克菲勒)从小就在马棚劳动,喂马、洗马、倒马粪。每天的“工资”是一毛钱,可以用来换糖果、冰淇淋。劳动后的奖励还包括跟老洛克菲勒一起在自家后院驾马车兜风。此外,他还要求子孙把每天工钱的十分之一,也就是一分钱,捐给教会。今天的美国社会,到处都是洛克菲勒家族的影子。除了非常明显的如洛克菲勒中心、洛克菲勒大学,还有芝加哥大学、纽约现代艺术博物馆、好几个国家公园。

虽然这次旅行多了一个两岁半的女儿,也不能破例。

等我们匆匆赶到范德堡庄园(Vanderbilt Mansion)的时候,身穿国家公园护林员制服的导游正带领大家从游客中心走出来。他在一棵大树下站定,等游客陆续到来围成半圈,才不紧不慢地开口道:“大家下午好!我的名字叫Dimitri。”

像一个善于讲故事的说书人,Dimitri一开口就把大家的注意力吸引住了。他娓娓道来,大家眼前的这栋欧式建筑的主人,是镀金时代传奇的资本家、“铁路大王”范德堡之后。他从范德堡如何发迹于一艘渡轮讲起,到他如何建立铁路帝国,富甲一方,福荫子孙。然而与其他美国早期资本家族不同的是,他的子孙却几乎个个热衷于跻身上流,富而求贵。(当时社会风气正处于转型期,遗老遗少依然重血统而轻新富。)为标榜富豪,范德堡的子孙大兴土木,最有名的莫过于位于北卡罗来纳州的比尔特莫庄园(Biltmore Estate)。朝歌暮宴,一掷千金。

这个位于纽约州的范德堡庄园的主人,是范氏子孙中的异类。据说他是唯一一个遗产多于继承来的财富的范氏子孙。这个庄园,也只是他夫妻两人消暑小住的地方。导游这才带我们登堂入室,一览当年的奢华。

导游最后告诉我们,与范德堡同时代的大资本家族如洛克菲勒、卡内基、摩根、梅隆,都为私福荫后人,为公泽被后世。唯独范德堡家族,竟没有一个能守住当年积累的巨大财富的后人;对美国社会的贡献,除了范德堡大学(Vanderbilt University)以外也乏善可陈,与他们当年的社会经济地位颇不相称。

我忍不住联想起在洛克菲勒庄园听到的故事。为什么同样是富可敌国的大资本家,一个是“虎门无犬子”,英才辈出,一个却“富不过三代”,将相无缘呢?

虽然这个问题的答案肯定很复杂,但是从小的价值观教育必定是很重要的因素之一。在马棚劳动的洛克菲勒子孙,恐怕从小就形成了“自食其力光荣”的价值观("An honest day's work for an honest day's pay"),鄙视不劳而获的社会蛀虫。即使一出生就已衣食无忧,也努力寻求自身价值,回馈社会。反之,范德堡子孙恐怕从小就形成了“饭来张口衣来伸手才是贵族”的扭曲价值观,虚度光阴,一心挥霍,不以为耻,反以为荣。“言传不如身教。”父母如此,儿女肖之,家族衰落岂不是迟早的事?

2015.6.21.

Untitled
Vanderbilt Mansion
Kykuit, the Rockefeller Estate
Kykuit

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