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天国之秋

Book review: “Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War" by Stephen R. Platt


秋天有两种:一种是丰收喜悦之秋,一种是伤感可悲之秋。太平天国之秋,毫无疑问是第二种。

《天国之秋》改变了很多我对于太平天国的认识和评价。作者一上来就对太平天国运动的性质作了一个中肯的评价,认为西方史学界长期以来称之为“太平叛乱”,以及中国史学界以太平天国为原始共产主义而称之为“太平革命”或“太平起义”,都失之偏颇。唯一恰当的称谓,当为“太平内战”。

("The Taiping were indeed rebels, but to call the entire war the Taiping Rebellion is to cast the rebels forever in the wrong, and to blame on them for defying their legitimate rulers and destroying what one might surmise was otherwise a peaceful and stable empire."

"...just as it is unfair to suggest that the Taiping were solely responsible for the devastation of the war, it is likewise an exaggeration to claim they were building some kind of peasant utopia.")

作为西方人写中国史,作者不可避免地更关心西方历史与这段中国历史的联系。全书令人信服地论证了,发生在十九世纪中国的太平内战,已经不再是一个孤立的事件,而是跟欧洲和美国历史有实质性的联系。简而言之,因为美国内战导致大英帝国在美国的贸易锐减,英国害怕同时因为中国内战而失去另一个巨大的贸易伙伴,而违背一贯的中立政策,干预了中国内战。虽然直接干预并不多,而且政策还有反复,却鬼使神差地影响了一个关键战役(安庆之战)的结果。安庆失守,最终成为太平天国走向失败的转折点。

对于太平内战中的关键人物,《天国之秋》虽然着墨不多,却异常传神。令人印象最深刻的当属洪仁玕。洪仁玕在香港跟随苏格兰牧师James Legge(翻译了《论语》等儒家经典,后成为牛津大学第一位中文教授)当助手,信了基督教,学得一口流利的英文,对西方现代国家了解很深。成为太平天国实质上的总理和外交部长以后,写了《资政新篇》,表达了他对一个现代中国的宏伟构想。他还将民族主义注入太平天国运动,号召汉人反抗满清政权。这些主张,都被后来的辛亥革命者照单全收。论开眼看世界,洪仁玕(1822-1864)恐怕比严复(1853-1921)还要早。正因为有了洪仁玕,太平天国才显露出一个新兴政权的气象,跟其他的农民起义如北方的捻军不可同日而语。

至于曾国藩一个汉人为什么要鞠躬尽瘁地去拯救满清政权,原因其实很简单:曾国藩是翰林学士,科举制度的受益人,拯救满清就是维护自己和家族的利益;与之相对,洪秀全是落第秀才,六次进士落榜,推翻满清才是他自己的利益所在。(太平天国也可因此戏称为“一个高考落榜生引发的惨案”。)

大英帝国在太平天国时期的对华政策,可谓大失败。大使Frederick Bruce难逃其咎。他对太平政权充满偏见,对满清政府充满幻想,以至于愚蠢地拒绝了太平天国与英国平等外交的机会,转而向国会建议帮助满清镇压太平。最后,一个本该灭亡的政权苟延残喘,一个充满希望的政权被扼杀于摇篮(太平天国至少不像满清那样仇外),大英帝国的终极利益——贸易——也在太平天国平息后极大地受损。事后看来,英国应该严格保持中立,承认太平天国的交战国地位(belligerent status),同时跟双方建交和贸易,但不向任何一方提供军事援助。也就是照搬对美国内战的政策。

并不是所有英国人都不懂中国,Thomas Taylor Meadows就是一个真正的中国通。他曾写过一本流传甚广的介绍中国的书。在太平初期,他撰文建议英国保持中立,因为"periodical dynastic rebellions are absolutely necessary to the continued well being of the nation…China respects successful rebellions, as executions of the Will of Heaven, operating for its preservation in peace, order, security, and prosperity."

五十年后,伊藤博文在一次记者采访中表达了相似的观点:"There can be very little doubt that the Manchu Dynasty had reached the end of its proper tether when the Taiping Rebellion ocurred and, by preventing its overthrow, Gordon and his 'Ever-Victorious Army' arrested a normal and healthy process of Nature. Nothing that the Manchus have done since then affords the slightest evidence that they deserved to be saved."

他由此预测:"And when they fall, as fall they must and will before very long, the upheaval will be all the more violent and all the more protracted for having been so long and unduly postponed." 不幸言中。

作为中国人,我无限感慨太平天国的覆灭让中国失去了一次绝佳的现代化的机会。

这本书让我改变的以前的观点的还有:

1. 中学历史过分强调了太平天国“东王之乱”的影响。其实那次内讧的结果是天国领导层大换血,忠王李秀成和英王陈玉成两个年轻的军事人才得以破格提拔。其结果是天国的军事力量反而增强了。

2. “火烧圆明园”其实没有中学历史讲的那么不堪。其缘故是咸丰皇帝跟外国交往的时候不遵守当时现代国家之间外交起码的准则,扣押外交官及随从,并野蛮施刑,导致一个随行记者死亡,惹怒了八国联军。等联军攻到圆明园的时候,咸丰已经逃走,当时的指挥官不敢下令杀北京平民,但认为需要向满族皇帝示威,于是就决定火烧咸丰最爱的圆明园以泄愤。

3. 戈登(Charles Gordon)被中国人视为十恶不赦的罪人。其实,作为军官,他是英国人眼中的英雄。指挥“常胜军”(Ever-Victorious Army)帮助李鸿章打太平天国,是英国和满清政府达成的协议,他不过执行命令。当苏州太平军官希望投降的时候,戈登亲口答应保证他们的生命安全;是李鸿章不顾戈登的承诺,残酷地屠杀了投降的太平诸王。戈登知情以后大怒,认为自己的荣誉受损,立刻卸任常胜军统领。

4. 关于太平内战的规模和破坏程度,中学历史给我的印象并没有这本书给我的那么深。根据死亡人数的估计,作者认为太平内战是人类历史上最惨烈的内战之一。安庆攻陷后,湘军发现安庆市场已经买人肉很久了。曾国藩在自己的日记里面曾对某地人肉价格如此之高表示担忧。五十年后,太平内战的主战区都还没有完全恢复生机。

最后,我唯一不同意作者的一个评价是,他认为洪仁玕和Frederick Bruce都是造成这场浩劫的原因,因为他们都自以为了解对方,从而作出了错误的决策。我认为洪仁玕作为新兴政权的外交部长,极力讨好和拉拢英国,以求外援,何罪之有?美国Confederacy的外交不也是这样做的吗?Frederick Bruce刚愎自用,傲慢偏见,害人(中国)害己(英国),才是罪魁祸首!

2012/12/01

Comments

咕噜咕 said…
王杀王绝对是转折点啊,因为死去的不仅仅是杨秀清韦昌辉,还有大量的中层干部在内讧中死去。直接导致其他人安全感消失。李秀成和陈玉成不过是提携上来补缺的发现。
nuance said…
东王之乱发生在1856,安庆沦陷在1861,这期间的5年间,太平天国的军事并非一蹶不振,反而在南京以东、以南有很大的收获。我并不是否认东王之乱没有任何影响,只是说影响没有想象中的那么大。

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